![]() SUPERCEDED BY THE LANGUAGE SCIENCE PRESS GRAMMAR. With this perspective, SL can be assumed to have a passive system without passive morphology as is reported in some languages on Flores (Arka 2009). Two distinct syntactic structures referred to here as subject prominent and topic prominent constructions may be considered as an active – passive counterpart in SL in an analysis following Shibatani (2006). Inverse constructions can only be translated into English as a passive clause, yet they are not passive in SL. SL has some valence change operations including middle voice, reflexive and reciprocal, inverse, applicative and causative. The verbs in a serial verb construction mostly share the same subject argument, but the second verb may have its own additional argument which seems morphosyntactically like an object but is pragmatically an oblique. Objects are distinguished into two: a Primary Object that is the argument that comes immediately after a clause verbal predicate regardless of whether it is a direct or an indirect object, and a Secondary Object, which occurs farther away from the clause verb. Two prominent grammatical relations were discovered: Subjects and Objects. It also has serial verb constructions used: (i) to encode oblique relations which, in non-serializing languages such as English, are expressed with prepositions and (ii) to express secondary verbal concepts, which, for example in English, are modals and aspectual modifiers. The language has verbless and verbal clauses. Nearly all NPs in the Accessibility Hierarchy (Keenan & Comrie 1977) are relativizeable, except the object of comparison. Phrases follow a modified-modifier pattern. The language has a Nominative-Accusative grammar system, with a fixed word order of SV(O). Adjectives share some identical properties with the other two classes which is why some previous studies have hardly distinguished adjectives from nouns and verbs. Major word classes include nouns, verbs and adjectives. The most important verbal affixes are clitics marking S or A arguments. Most bound morphemes are derivational and a few are inflectional affixes. In clausal structures, there are mostly one-to-one corresponding between words and morphemes. It is an analytic language yet has a quite laborious morphological system because one form may signal different meanings. It has 16 native and 3 loan consonants, and 6 basic vowel qualities, where every oral vowel has a corresponding nasal vowel. The language has a relatively simple phonological system. The data for this study were collected from the native speakers in Karawatung village in three periods, each lasting for at least three months, through audio-video recording, elicitation and written document gathering. The study focuses on the Solor dialect spoken over the entire Solor Island by about 20,000 people residing in 33 villages. This study is a grammatical description of an endangered language of eastern Indonesia called Lamaholot, spoken on the eastern part of Flores, and three neighboring small islands, Solor, Adonara and Lembata. This paper presents the basic phonological, morphological and syntactic structures of the language based on both the written and actual spoken language following the framework of discourse-functional grammar. This paper is the first to make a detailed description of the Masbatenyo grammar after Wolfenden’s (2001) brief discussion in his dictionary. In undertaking this research, the following objectives have been set: (1) to describe the language based on the actual spoken language and (2) to depart from the traditional analyses done in the previous studies by providing alternative analyses on the issues found in Philippine languages. It is a short description of the most salient points of the grammar of the language. ![]() ![]() This grammatical sketch of Masbatenyo language is another attempt to document the language. Wolfenden (2001) identified three major dialects of Masbatenyo: the western dialect centered around the town of Balud on the western coast which is close to Capiz, the southern dialect centered about the town of Cataingan in the southeastern part of Masbate and the northern dialect covering the whole northern half of Masbate and centered on Masbate City. It is most closely related to Capiznon (79 % lexical similarity) and Hiligaynon (76% lexical similarity), according to Ethnologue (Simons & Fennig, 2018). It is the statutory language of Masbate province, spoken by 724,000 speakers as a first language by around 474,000 speakers (2005 UNSD) and as a second language by 250,000 speakers (SIL 2002). The Minasbate language (msb), otherwise known as Masbatenyo (or Masbateńo), belongs to the Bisayan subgroup of Central Philippines, which is a member of the Western Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian language family (Simons & Fennig 2018).
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